Sediment and Water Analysis In Tinorian River, Iloilo, Philippines: Basis For Understanding The River’s Health and Quality

N/A

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16966428

Keywords:

Total Organic Matter, Percent Moisture, Grain-Size Analysis, River health

Abstract

The Tinori-an River is located in the 4th district of Iloilo, specifically in the municipalities of Barotac Nuevo and Anilao. The study aimed to assess the sediment conditions of the river. For site selection, 12 sampling sites were selected within the river and 15 for the ponds. The Total Organic Matter (TOM) and Moisture were determined using the loss-on-ignition (LOI) technique, and grain size was assessed using wet and dry sieving. For water parameters, a multiparameter water meter was used. Results showed that the highest TOM was 12.60% in Pond A. The highest moisture was 62.83% in Pond L. High sand-silt fractions were present in all sampling sites. Water parameters showed that the water was basic  and low-fair DO concentrations for both sites. For salinity, upstream was considered freshwater and the other three sites were brackishwater. Temperature was constant in all the study sites. The water was mostly turbid in all sampling sites. The results indicated high TOM and moisture in all sites, which could be traced to slow water movement and the shallowing of the river due to fisheries and anthropogenic activities. The water parameters recorded showed that the river needs attention in areas where DO was less than 5 mg/L. The current study provided baseline data on the health and condition of the Tinori-an River, and the contributing factors to this should be known to have a scientific-based approach to managing the river. 

References

Arina, N., Hidayah, N., Hazrin-Chong, N. H., & Rozaimi, M. (2023). Algal contribution to organic carbon sequestration and its signatures in a tropical seagrass meadow. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 210, 105307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2023.105307

Badarudeen, A., Damodaran, K. T., Sajan, K., & Padmalal, D. (1996). Texture and geochemistry of the sediments of a tropical mangrove ecosystem, southwest coast of India. Environmental Geology, 27, 164-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00770428

Belley, R., Archambault, P., Sundby, B., Gilbert, F., & Gagnon, J. M. (2010). Effects of hypoxia on benthic macrofauna and bioturbation in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Continental Shelf Research, 30(12), 1302-1313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2010.04.010

Bergamaschi, B. A., Tsamakis, E., Keil, R. G., Eglinton, T. I., Montluçon, D. B., & Hedges, J. I. (1997). The effect of grain size and surface area on organic matter, lignin and carbohydrate concentration, and molecular compositions in Peru Margin sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61(6), 1247-1260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00394-8

Blake, W. H., Walsh, R. P. D., Barnsley, M. J., Palmer, G., Dyrynda, P., & James, J. G. (2003). Heavy metal concentrations during storm events in a rehabilitated industrialized catchment. Hydrological Processes, 17(10), 1923-1939. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1218

Bloesch, J., 2009. Sediments of Aquatic Ecosystems, in: Likens, G.E. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Inland Waters. Academic Press, Oxford, pp. 479–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012370626-3.00210-6

Bonsdorff, E., Blomqvist, E. M., Mattila, J., & Norkko, A. (1997). Coastal eutrophication: causes, consequences and perspectives in the archipelago areas of the northern Baltic Sea. Estuarine, coastal and shelf science, 44, 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(97)80008-XGet rights and content

Brailsford, F. L., Glanville, H. C., Golyshin, P. N., Johnes, P. J., Yates, C. A., & Jones, D. L. (2019). Microbial uptake kinetics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compound groups from river water and sediments. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 11229. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-47749-6

Brookes, A. (1994). River channel change. In P. Calow, P. & G.E. Petts (Eds). The rivers handbook: Hydrological and ecological principles (Vol. 2, pp. 55-57). 2[IRUG%ODFNZHOO6FLHQWLÀF

Buchanan, J.B., (1984). Sediment analysis. In: Holme, N.A., McIntyre, A.D. (Eds), Methods for the study of marine benthos, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, pp. 41-65. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470995129.fmatter

Collins, A. L., Walling, D. E., & Leeks, G. J. L. (1997). Sediment sources in the Upper Severn catchment: a fingerprinting approach. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 1(3), 509-521. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-1-509-1997

Debnath, N. C., & Haira, J. N. (1972). Transformation of organic matter in soil in relation to mineralisation of carbon and nutrient availability. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 20(2), 95-102 [Citation]. Retrieved April 06, 2025 from https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Transformation%20of%20organic%20matter%20in%20soil%20in%20relation%20to%20mineralisation%20of%20carbon%20and%20nutrient%20availability&publication_year=1972&author=N.%20Debnath&author=J.%20Haira

Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Environmental Management Bureau. (2024). Region 6, List of Water Bodies. Retrieved June 6, 2024 from https://water.emb.gov.ph/?page_id=773

Drakare, S., Blomqvist, P., Bergström, A. K., & Jansson, M. (2002). Primary production and phytoplankton composition in relation to DOC input and bacterioplankton production in humic Lake Örträsket. Freshwater Biology, 47(1), 41-52.

Duarte, C.M., (1995). Submerged aquatic vegetation in relation to different nutrient regimes. Ophelia 41, 87–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00785236.1995.10422039

Environmental Management Board. (2006). Region 6 Water Quality Status Report. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Environmental Management Bureau Region 6, Iloilo City, Iloilo, p. 54. https://water.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/NWQSR2006-2013.pdf

Environmental Management Bureau (2025). Region 6, List of Water Bodies. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Retrieved April 03, 2025 from https://water.emb.gov.ph/?page_id=773

Environmental Management Bureau. (2013). National Water Quality Status Report (2006-2013). Department of Environment and Natural Resources, p. 3. Retrieved April 03, 2025 from https://water.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/NWQSR2006-2013.pdf

Figueroa, D., Rowe, O. F., Paczkowska, J., Legrand, C., & Andersson, A. (2016). Allochthonous carbon—a major driver of bacterioplankton production in the subarctic Northern Baltic Sea. Microbial ecology, 71, 789-801.

Fondriest Environmental Learning Center. (2025a). Sediment Transport and Deposition. Retrieved April 12, 2025 from https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/hydrology/sediment-transport-deposition/

Fondriest Environmental Learning Center. (2025b). Conductivity, Salinity & Total Dissolved Solids. Retrieved April 03, 2025 from https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/conductivity-salinity-tds/

Food and Agriculture Orgainzation. (2025b). Milkfish-Production: Pond Preparation. Retrieved April 06, 2025 from https://www.fao.org/fishery/affris/species-profiles/milkfish/production/en/

Food and Agriculture Organization. (2025a). Overview of Philippine Aquaculture. Retrieved April 06, 2025 from https://www.fao.org/4/x6943e/x6943e06.htm

Food and Agriculture Organization. (2025c). Pond Outlet Structures. Retrieved April 12, 2025 from https://www.fao.org/fishery/static/FAO_Training/FAO_Training/General/x6708e/x6708e10.htm

Frascari, F., Matteucci, G., & Giordano, P. (2002). Evaluation of a eutrophic coastal lagoon ecosystem from the study of bottom sediments. In Nutrients and Eutrophication in Estuaries and Coastal Waters: Proceedings of the 31st Symposium of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association (ECSA), held in Bilbao, Spain, 3–7 July 2000 (pp. 387-401). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020399627807

Furukawa K & Wolanski E. (1996) Sedimentation in mangrove forests. Mangroves and Salt Marshes. 1(1):3-10. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025973426404

Gao, C., Xu, M., & Zhou, W. (2023). Estimation of surface sediment moisture content in muddy tidal flats using analytical radiative transfer model. Ecological Indicators, 154, 110792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110792

Golez, N. V., Borlongan, I. G., & Lorque, F. (2010). Hydrological characteristics assessment of Jalaur River System and its bottom sediments, Province of Iloilo, Panay Island. Silliman Journal, 51(1). Retrieved September 15, 2024 from https://repository.cpu.edu.ph/handle/20.500.12852/1673

Gray, J. S., Wu, R. S. S., & Or, Y. Y. (2002). Effects of hypoxia and organic enrichment on the coastal marine environment. Marine ecology progress series, 238, 249-29.https://doi.org/10.3354/meps238249

Gudasz, C., Sobek, S., Bastviken, D., Koehler, B., & Tranvik, L. J. (2015). Temperature sensitivity of organic carbon mineralization in contrasting lake sediments. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 120(7), 1215-1225. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG002928

He, Z., Xu, S., Zhao, Y., & Pan, X. (2019). Methane emissions from aqueous sediments are influenced by complex interactions among microbes and environmental factors: a modeling study. Water Research, 166, 115086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115086

Holme N.A. & Mcintyre A.D. (1971). Methods of the study of marine benthos. IPB Handbook No.16. Philadelphia: Blackwell Science Publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118542392.ch2

Karr, J. R. (1991). Biological integrity: a long‐neglected aspect of water resource management. Ecological applications, 1(1), 66-84. https://doi.org/10.2307/1941848

Karr, J. R. (1999). Defining and measuring river health. Freshwater biology, 41(2), 221-234. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00427.x

Kenny AJ & Sotheran I. (2013). Characterising the physical properties of seabed habitats. In: Eleftheriou A, editor. Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos 4th edition [Internet].

Kindler, R., Siemens, J. A. N., Kaiser, K., Walmsley, D. C., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., ... & Kaupenjohann, M. (2011). Dissolved carbon leaching from soil is a crucial component of the net ecosystem carbon balance. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02282.x

Koho, K. A., Nierop, K. G. J., Moodley, L., Middelburg, J. J., Pozzato, L., Soetaert, K., ... & Reichart, G. J. (2013). Microbial bioavailability regulates organic matter preservation in marine sediments. Biogeosciences, 10(2), 1131-1141. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1131-2013

Kubo, A. & Kanda, J. (2020). Coastal urbanization alters carbon cycling in Tokyo Bay. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77385-4.

Kumwimba, M. N., Zhu, B., Suanon, F., Muyembe, D. K., & Dzakpasu, M. (2017). Long-term impact of primary domestic sewage on metal/loid accumulation in drainage ditch sediments, plants and water: Implications for phytoremediation and restoration. Science of the total environment, 581, 773-781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.007

Motha, J. A., Wallbrink, P. J., Hairsine, P. B., & Grayson, R. B. (2003). Determining the sources of suspended sediment in a forested catchment in southeastern Australia. Water resources research, 39(3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000794

Mudroch, A., & MacKnight, S. D. (1994). Handbook of techniques for aquatic sediments sampling. CRC press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781466571761

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2025a). K-12 Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay: Water, Water. National Ocean Service. Retrieved April 12, 2025 from https://cdn.oceanservice.noaa.gov/oceanserviceprod/education/oysters-in-the-chesapeake-bay/middleschool/ms-lesson3.pdf

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2025b). Monitoring Estuaries (Estuaries Tutorial). Retrieved April 15, 2025 from https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_estuaries/est10_monitor.html

Nengzi, L., Li, H., Ke, D., Wu, X., Meng, L., Fang, Y., & Hu, Q. (2023). Influence of Temperature on the Removal Efficiency of Organic Matter and Ammonia from Micro-Polluted Source Water. Water, 15(15), 2695. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15152695

Nilsson, H. C., & Rosenberg, R. (2000). Succession in marine benthic habitats and fauna in response to oxygen deficiency: analysed by sediment profile-imaging and by grab samples. Marine ecology progress series, 197, 139-149. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps197139

Nixon, S.W. (1995). Coastal marine eutrophication: A definition, social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia 41, 199–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/00785236.1995.10422044

Owens, P. N., & Walling, D. E. (2002). The phosphorus content of fluvial sediment in rural and industrialized river basins. Water research, 36(3), 685-701. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00247-0

Owens, P. N., Walling, D. E., & Leeks, G. J. (1999). Deposition and storage of fine‐grained sediment within the main channel system of the River Tweed, Scotland. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The Journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group, 24(12), 1061-1076. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199911)24:12<1061::AID-ESP35>3.0.CO;2-Y

Palla, R. Q., Campos, W. L., & del Norte-Campos, A. (2013). Habitat Health of Iloilo River-Insights from a study on benthic community structure. Marine Research in Indonesia, 38(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.14203/mri.v38i1.55

Postma, H. (1954). Hydrography of the Dutch Wadden Sea: a study of the relations between water movement, the transport of suspended materials and the production of organic matter. [Thesis fully internal]. University of Groningen. Retrieved April 12, 2025 from https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/hydrography-of-the-dutch-wadden-sea-a-study-of-the-relations-betw

Schorer, M., & Eisele, M. (1997). Accumulation of inorganic and organic pollutants by biofilms in the aquatic environment. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 99, 651-659. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5552-6_66

Semeniuk, V. (1981). Sedimentology and the stratigraphic sequence of a tropical tidal flat, north-western Australia. Sedimentary Geology, 29(2-3), 195-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(81)90007-5

Smit, Y., Donker, J. J., & Ruessink, G. (2019). Spatiotemporal surface moisture variations on a barred beach and their relationship with groundwater fluctuations. Hydrology, 6(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology6010008

Smith, W.S., Espíndola, E.L.G., Rocha, O. (2014). Environmental gradient in reservoirs of the medium and low Tietê River: limnological differences through the habitat sequence. Acta Limnol. Bras. 26, 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2179- 975x2014000100009

Tao, Y., & Lu, J. (2020). Occurrence of total phosphorus in surface sediments of Chinese lakes and its driving factors and implications. Journal of hydrology, 580, 124345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124345

Tomassetti, P., Persia, E., Mercatali, I., Vani, D., Marussso, V., & Porrello, S. (2009). Effects of mariculture on macrobenthic assemblages in a western Mediterranean site. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58(4), 533-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.11.027

Trivedi, R.N. (1992). Environmental Problems Prospects and Constrains. Armol Publications. India. Pp.47-77. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12571-015-0478-1

Uddin, M. N., Alam, M. S., Mobin, M. N., & Miah, M. A. (2014). An assessment of the river water quality parameters: A case of Jamuna River. Journal of environmental science and natural resources, 7(1), 249-256. Retrieved June 5, 2024 from DOI:10.3329/jesnr.v7i1.22179

Walling, D. E., & He, Q. (1998). The spatial variability of overbank sedimentation on river floodplains. Geomorphology, 24(2-3), 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00017-8

Wentworth, C.K. (1922). A scale grade and class terms for clastic sediments. Geol 30: 377-392. https://doi.org/10.1086/622910

Werner, U., Polerecky, L., Walpersdorf, E., Franke, U., Billerbeck, M., Böttcher, M. E., ... & Beer, D. (2003). Organic matter degradation processes in permeable sediments—methodological approaches. Ber Forschungszentrum Terramare, 12, 122-125. Retrieved September 25, 2024 from ftp://ftp.soest.hawaii.edu/glazer/Chen%20References/8-28-09/Werner%20abstract%202003.pdf

Xu, H., Guo, L., & Jiang, H. (2016). Depth-dependent variations of sedimentary dissolved organic matter composition in a eutrophic lake: implications for lake restoration. Chemosphere, 145, 551-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.015

Yadav, A. N., Kour, D., Kaur, T., Devi, R., Yadav, A., Dikilitas, M., ... & Saxena, A. K. (2021). Biodiversity, and biotechnological contribution of beneficial soil microbiomes for nutrient cycling, plant growth improvement and nutrient uptake. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 33, 102009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102009

Yu, B., Dong, H., Jiang, H., Lv, G., Eberl, D., Li, S., & Kim, J. (2009). The role of clay minerals in the preservation of organic matter in sediments of Qinghai Lake, NW China. Clays and Clay Minerals, 57(2), 213-226. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2009.0570208

Downloads

Published

2025-08-31

How to Cite

Gaudiel, R., Bito-onon, J. ., Villanueva, C. J., Perrera, V., Solivio, K. ., & Belgira, K. (2025). Sediment and Water Analysis In Tinorian River, Iloilo, Philippines: Basis For Understanding The River’s Health and Quality: N/A. Sustainable Aquatic Research, 4(2), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16966428

Issue

Section

Original Articles