Significant enhancement of survival, intestinal digestive enzymes, vitellogenin content, immune response, and antioxidant defense system of Artemia urmiana fed with garlic (Allium sativum) powder
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10428730Keywords:
Antioxidant status, Artemia, Digestive enzymes, Garlic, Immune responseAbstract
Garlic is widely known for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunostimulant properties. The present study aimed to assess the effects of garlic (Allium sativum) powder on the survival, growth, immunological response, antioxidant activities, and reproductive performance of Artemia urmiana. Three diets containing 5%, 10%, and 20% garlic powder feed, and a control diet (C) without garlic were used through a completely randomized design (treatments with triplicates). Twelve 60-L plastic tanks with a density of 20 nauplii per milliliter were used. Artemia were fed with Baker's yeast (1.25 mg yeast per one thousand nauplii) during the 30-day experiment. The study showed that 10% garlic treatment resulted in the highest survival rate (P < 0.05). The growth factor (dry weight) remained unchanged throughout the experiment. The activities of digestive enzymes (protease, amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase), immune response (lysozyme and phenoloxidase activities), and antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and catalase) considerably increased in the treated groups (P < 0.05). Supplementation of A. urmiana diet with varying concentrations of garlic powder significantly increased the level of vitellogenin. However, no significant difference was found in nauplii and cyst production across all the groups. The study suggested that garlic, especially at 10% added feed, might effectively enhance the survival rate, immune response, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant status, and vitellogenin content in A. urmiana.
References
Abdel-Wareth, A. A. A., Ahmed, A. E., Hassan, H. A., Abd El-Sadek, M. S., Ghazalah, A. A., & Lohakare, J. (2019). Nutritional impact of nano-selenium, garlic oil, and their combination on growth and reproductive performance of male Californian rabbits. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 249, 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.01.016
Adineh, H., Harsij, M., Jafaryan, H., & Asadi, M. (2020). The effects of microencapsulated garlic (Allium sativum) extract on growth performance, body composition, immune response and antioxidant status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 48(1), 372-378. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2020.1808473
Aebi, H. (1974). Catalase In Bergmeyer HU (eds). Methods of Enzymatic Analyses. Weinheim: Verlag Chemic, 3, 273-282.
Agh, N., Abatzopoulos, T. J., Kappas, I., Van Stappen, G., Razavi Rouhani, S. M., & Sorgeloos, P. (2007). Coexistence of sexual and parthenogenetic artemia populations in Lake Urmia and neighbouring lagoons. International Review of Hydrobiology, 92, 48-60. https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.200610909
Al-Shuraym, L. A. (2022). The impact of the onion-garlic extracts to control date palm aphids in Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 21(8), 546-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSSAS.2022.03.004
Amoah, K., Liu, H., Dong, X. H., Tan, B. P., Zhang, S., Chi, S. Y., Yang, Q.H., Liu, H.Y., & Yang, Y. Z. (2021). Effects of varying dietary black garlic supplementation on the growth, immune response, digestive and antioxidant activities, intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Aquaculture Nutrition, 27(5), 1699-1720. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13308
AOAC. (1990). Official method of analysis. 4 th edition, Association of Officials Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, USA.
Arcos, F. G., Ibarra, A. M., Palacios, E., Vazquez-Boucard, C., & Racotta, I. S. (2003). Feasible predictive criteria for reproductive performance of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: egg quality and female physiological condition. Aquaculture, 228(1-4), 335-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00313-2
Balbaied, T., & Moore, E. (2019). Overview of optical and electrochemical alkaline phosphatase (ALP) biosensors: Recent approaches in cells culture techniques. Biosensors, 9(3), 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios9030102
Benelli, G., Bedini, S., Cosci, F., Toniolo, C., Conti, B., & Nicoletti, M. (2015a). Larvicidal and ovideterrent properties of neem oil and fractions against the filariasis vector Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): a bioactivity survey across production sites. Parasitology research, 114, 227-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-4183-3
Benelli, G., Bedini, S., Flamini, G., Cosci, F., Cioni, P. L., Amira, S., Benchikh, F., Laouer, H., di Giuseppe, G., & Conti, B. (2015b). Mediterranean essential oils as effective weapons against the West Nile vector Culex pipiens and the Echinostoma intermediate host Physella acuta: what happens around? An acute toxicity survey on non-target mayflies. Parasitology research, 114, 1011-1021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-4267-0
Chirawithayaboon, P., Areechon, N., & Meunpol, O. (2020). Hepatopancreatic antioxidant enzyme activities and disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed diet supplemented with garlic (Allium sativum) extract. Agriculture and Natural Resources, 54(4), 377-386. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.anres.2020.54.4.06
Chowdhury, D. K., Sahu, N. P., Sardar, P., Deo, A. D., Bedekar, M. K., Singha, K. P., & Maiti, M. K. (2021). Feeding turmeric in combination with ginger or garlic enhances the digestive enzyme activities, growth and immunity in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 277, 114964. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANIFEEDSCI.2021.114964
Chung, I., Kwon, S. H., Shim, S. T., & Kyung, K. H. (2007). Synergistic antiyeast activity of garlic oil and allyl alcohol derived from alliin in garlic. Journal of food science, 72(9), M437-M440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00545.x.
de Paiva-Maia, E., Alves-Modesto, G., Otavio-Brito, L., Vasconcelos-Gesteira, T. C., & Olivera, A. (2013). Effect of a commercial probiotic on bacterial and phytoplankton concentration in intensive shrimp farming (Litopenaeus vannamei) recirculation systems. Latin american journal of aquatic research, 41(1), 126-137.
Ekuma, B. O., Amaduruonye, W., Onunkwo, D. N., & Herbert, U. (2017). Influence of garlic (Allium sativum) and vitamin E on semen characteristics, reproductive performance and histopathology of rabbit bucks. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 44(3), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i3.648
Elkayam, A., Mirelman, D., Peleg, E., Wilchek, M., Miron, T., Rabinkov, A., Herman- Oron, M., & Rosenthal, T. (2003). The effects of allicin on weight in fructose-induced hyperinsulinemic, hyperlipidemic, hypertensive rats. American journal of hypertension, 16(12), 1053-1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjhyper.2003.07.011
Farial, K., Malika, B., Ameur, A., Hassane, O. M., Dijilali, B., & Fayza, K. (2022). Effect of botanical extract of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on larvae of tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Papers on Life Science, Marine & Environmental Research, 1(1), 6-9.
Fraisse, M., Woo, N. Y. S., Noaillac-Depeyre, J., & Murat, J. C. (1981). Distribution pattern of digestive enzyme activities in the intestine of the catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus L.) and of the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 70(3), 443-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(81)90203-6
Fridovich, I. (1972). Superoxide radical and superoxide dismutase. Accounts of Chemical Research, 5(10), 321-326.
Hadas, O., & Pinkas, R. (1997). Arylsulfatase and alkaline phosphatase (Apase) activity in sediments of Lake Kinneret, Israel. In The Interactions Between Sediments and Water: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium, Baveno, Italy 22–25 September 1996 (pp. 671-679). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5552-6_68
Hammami, I., Amara, S., Benahmed, M., El May, M. V., & Mauduit, C. (2009). Chronic crude garlic-feeding modified adult male rat testicular markers: mechanisms of action. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 7, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-7-65
Hardiansyah, M. Y., & Al Ridho, A. F. (2020). The effect of garlic (Allium sativum) extract pesticides in repelling rice eating bird pests. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research, 3(3), 145-152. https://doi.org/10.32734/injar.v3i3.3947
Harris, J. C., Cottrell, S. L., Plummer, S., & Lloyd, D. (2001). Antimicrobial properties of Allium sativum (garlic). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 57, 282-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530100722
Hayyan, M., Hashim, M. A., & AlNashef, I. M. (2016). Superoxide ion: generation and chemical implications. Chemical Reviews, 116(5), 3029-3085. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00407
Heuer, O. E., Kruse, H., Grave, K., Collignon, P., Karunasagar, I., & Angulo, F. J. (2009). Human health consequences of use of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49(8), 1248-1253. https://doi.org/10.1086/605667
Hoseini, S. M., Mirghaed, A. T., Iri, Y., Hoseinifar, S. H., Van Doan, H., & Reverter, M. (2021). Effects of dietary Russian olive, Elaeagnus angustifolia, leaf extract on growth, hematological, immunological, and antioxidant parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture, 536, 736461.https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AQUACULTURE.2021.736461
Jahanbakhshi, A., Pourmozaffar, S., Adeshina, I., Vayghan, A. H., & Reverter, M. (2022). Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on growth, enzymological and biochemical responses and immune‐related gene expressions in giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 106(4), 947-956. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13718
Javadzadeh, M., Salarzadeh, A. R., Yahyavi, M., Hafezieh, M., & Darvishpour, H. (2012). Effect of garlic extract on growth and survival rate in Litopenaeus vannami post larvae. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Science, 39-46.
Kalu, I. G., Ofoegbu, U., Eroegbusi, J., Nwachukwu, C. U., & Ibeh, B. (2010). Larvicidal activities of ethanol extract of Allium sativum (garlic bulb) against the filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of MedicinalPlants Research, 4(6), 496-498.
Karunamoorthi, K., Mulelam, A., & Wassie, F. (2009). Assessment of knowledge and usage custom of traditional insect/mosquito repellent plants in Addis Zemen Town, South Gonder, North Western Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 121(1), 49-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JEP.2008.09.027
Kim, J. D., Nhut, T. M., Hai, T. N., & Ra, C. S. (2011). Effect of dietary essential oils on growth, feed utilization and meat yields of white leg shrimp L. vannamei. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 24(8), 1136-1141. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.11006
Kumar, R. M., Rao, A., Daggula, N., Guguloth, G., Das, B. Y., & Indhuri, A. (2019). Growth promoter effect of ginger, garlic and fenugreek on Pacific white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(2), 2993-3001.https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.802.349
Kuramitsu, H. K., He, X., Lux, R., Anderson, M. H., & Shi, W. (2007). Interspecies interactions within oral microbial communities. Microbiology and molecular biology reviews, 71(4), 653-670. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00024-07
Labrador, J. R. P., Guiñares, R. C., & Hontiveros, G. J. S. (2016). Effect of garlic powder-supplemented diets on the growth and survival of Pacific white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2(1), 1210066. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1210066
Léger, P., Bengtson, D. A., Sorgeloos, P., Simpson, K. L., & Beck, A. D. (1987). The nutritional value of Artemia: a review. Artemia Research and Its Applications, 3, 357-372.
Li, J., Chi, Z., Wang, X., Peng, Y., & Chi, Z. (2009). The selection of alkaline protease-producing yeasts from marine environments and evaluation of their bioactive peptide production. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 27(4), 753-761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-009-9198-8
Li, M., Zhu, X., Tian, J., Liu, M., & Wang, G. (2019). Dietary flavonoids from Allium mongolicum Regel promotes growth, improves immune, antioxidant status, immune-related signaling molecules and disease resistance in juvenile northern snakehead fish (Channa argus). Aquaculture, 501, 473-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AQUACULTURE.2018.12.011
Livingstone, D. R., Martinez, P. G., Michel, X., Narbonne, J. F., O'hara, S., Ribera, D., & Winston, G. W. (1990). Oxyradical production as a pollution-mediated mechanism of toxicity in the common mussel, Mytilus edulis L., and other molluscs. Functional Ecology, 415-424. https://doi.org/10.2307/2389604
Lokesh, B., Neeraja, T., Haribabu, P., Ramalingaiah, D., & Pamanna, D. (2020). Effect of garlic supplemented diets on growth and survival of Pacific white leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 8, 295-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1210066
Lui, C. W., & O'Connor, J. D. (1976). Biosynthesis of lipovitellin by the crustacean ovary. II. Characterization of and in vitro incorporation of amino acids into the purified subunits. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 195(1), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401950105
Malar, H. V., & Charles, P. M. (2013). Efficacy of garlic on the survival, growth and haematology of Penaeus monodon post larvae. International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Research, 2 (3), 2250-3137. https://doi.org/ 10.14202/vetworld.2023.965-976
Martínez-Álvarez, R. M., Morales, A. E., & Sanz, A. (2005). Antioxidant defenses in fish: biotic and abiotic factors. Reviews in Fish Biology and fisheries, 15, 75-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-005-7846-4
Metwally, M. A. A. (2009). Effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on some antioxidant activities in tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus). World Journal of fish and marine sciences, 1(1), 56-64.
Militz, T. A., Southgate, P. C., Carton, A. G., & Hutson, K. S. (2013). Dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) to prevent monogenean infection in aquaculture. Aquaculture, 408, 95-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.05.027
Miron, T., Shin, I., Feigenblat, G., Weiner, L., Mirelman, D., Wilchek, M., & Rabinkov, A. (2002). A spectrophotometric assay for allicin, alliin, and alliinase (alliin lyase) with a chromogenic thiol: reaction of 4-mercaptopyridine with thiosulfinates. Analytical biochemistry, 307(1), 76-83.
Mohebbi, A., Nematollahi, A., Dorcheh, E. E., & Asad, F. G. (2012). Influence of dietary garlic (Allium sativum) on the antioxidative status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Research, 43(8), 1184-1193.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02922.x
Morakinyo, A. O., Oloyo, A. K., Raji, Y., & Adegoke, O. A. (2008). Effects of aqueous extract of garlic (Allium sativum) on testicular functions in the rat. Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Science, 7 (2), 26-30.
Motlagh, H. A., Farhangi, M., Rafiee, G., & Noori, F. (2012). Modulating gut microbiota and digestive enzyme activities of Artemia urmiana by administration of different levels of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis. Aquaculture International, 20, 693-705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-012-9497-5
Motlagh, H. A., Safari, O., Farhangi, M., & Lashkarizadeh-Bami, M. (2017). Evolution of the digestive enzymes and bacterial changes of the gastrointestinal tract of the Artemia urmiana during growth period. Invertebrate Survival Journal, 14(1), 312-323. https://doi.org/10.25431/1824-307X/isj.v14i1.312-323
Motlagh, H., Paolucci, M., Lashkarizadeh Bami, M., & Safari, O. (2020). Sexual parameters, digestive enzyme activities, and growth performance of guppy (Poecilia reticulata) fed garlic (Allium sativum) extract supplemented diets. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 51(5), 1087-1097. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12729
Nasir, S., Walters, K. F., Pereira, R. M., Waris, M., Chatha, A. A., Hayat, M., & Batool, M. (2022). Larvicidal activity of acetone extract and green synthesized silver nanoparticles from Allium sativum L. (Amaryllidaceae) against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti L.(Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 25(3), 101937. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ASPEN.2022.101937
Nijveldt, R. J., Van Nood, E. L. S., Van Hoorn, D. E., Boelens, P. G., Van Norren, K., & Van Leeuwen, P. A. (2001). Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 74(4), 418-425. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/74.4.418
Nunes, B. S., Carvalho, F. D., Guilhermino, L. M., & Van Stappen, G. (2006). Use of the genus Artemia in ecotoxicity testing. Environmental Pollution, 144, 453-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.12.037
Oh, H. Y., Lee, T. H., Lee, D. Y., Lee, C. H., Sohn, M. Y., Kwon, R. W., Kim, J.G., Kim, H.S., & Kim, K. D. (2022). Evaluation of garlic juice processing waste supplementation in juvenile black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) diets on growth performance, antioxidant and digestive enzyme activity, growth-and antioxidant-related gene expression, and disease resistance against Streptococcus iniae. Animals, 12(24), 3512. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12243512
Oliver, W. T., & Wells, J. E. (2015). Lysozyme as an alternative to growth promoting antibiotics in swine production. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 6(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-015-0034-z
Onyekwere, M. U., Jiwuba, P. C., & Egu, U. N. (2018). Effect of diets with raw garlic flour on growth performance and blood parameters in rabbits. Agricultural Science & Technology (1313-8820), 10(4). https://doi.org/10.15547/ast.2018.04.057
Pazir, M. K., Javadzadeh Pourshalkohi, N., & Rohani, A. (2018). Evaluation of growth, survival, and health indices of Litopenaeus vannamei: Boone, 1931 fed diets containing different percentages of garlic powder (Allium sativum). Fisheries Science and Technology, 7(4), 287-293.
Pena, N., Auro, A., & Sumano, H. (1988). A comparative trial of garlic, its extract and ammonium-potassium tartrate as antheijviintics in carp. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 24(2-3), 199-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(88)90152-3
Peyghan, R., Powell, M. D., & Zadkarami, M. R. (2008). In vitro effect of garlic extract and metronidazole against Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis, page 1987 and isolated amoebae from Atlantic salmon. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences: PJBS, 11(1), 41-47. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2008.41.47
Phan Van, Q., Harmansa B., & Yavuzcan, H. (2020). Zencefil (Zingiber officinale) ve nar kabuğunun (Punica granatum) monogenean parazitlerden Dactylogyrus sp.’e karşı antiparazitik aktivitesinin in vitro olarak belirlenmesi. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 17, 56-63. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.751913
Platel, K., & Srinivasan, K. (2004). Digestive stimulant action of spices: a myth or reality?. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119(5), 167.
Poongodi, R., Bhavan, P. S., Muralisankar, T., & Radhakrishnan, S. (2012). Growth promoting potential of garlic, ginger, turmeric and fenugreek on the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 3(4), 914-926.
Qian, Y. X., Shen, P. J., Xu, R. Y., Liu, G. M., Yang, H. Q., Lu, Y. S., Sun, P., Zhang, R.W., Qi, L.M., & Lu, Q. H. (1986). Spermicidal effect in vitro by the active principle of garlic. Contraception, 34(3), 295-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(86)90010-7
Qiu, X., Nguyen, L., & Davis, D. A. (2018). Apparent digestibility of animal, plant and microbial ingredients for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Nutrition, 24(3), 930-939.https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12629
Rahmah, S., Ashari, A., Suryadi, E., & Chairani, M. (2019). Garlic (Allium sativum) as natural larvacides for Aedes aegypti larvae. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Environmental Risks and Public Health, ICER-PH 2018, 26-27, October 2018, Makassar, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.26-10-2018.2288708
Ramakrishnan, V., Chintalwar, G. J., & Banerji, A. (1989). Environmental persistence of diallyl disulfide, an insecticidal principle of garlic and its metabolism in mosquito, Culex pipiens quinquifasciatus Say. Chemosphere, 18(7-8), 1525-1529.
Ratcliffe, N. A., Rowley, A. F., Fitzgerald, S. W., & Rhodes, C. P. (1985). Invertebrate immunity: basic concepts and recent advances. International review of cytology, 97, 183-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(08)62351-7
Rezaei, O., Mehrgan, M. S., & Paknejad, H. (2022). Dietary garlic (Allium sativum) powder improved zootechnical performance, digestive enzymes activity, and innate immunity in narrow-clawed crayfish (Postantacus leptodactylus). Aquaculture Reports, 24, 101129. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AQREP.2022.101129
Roy, A., Chakraborti, D., & Das, S. (2008). Roy, A., Chakraborti, D., & Das, S. (2008). Effectiveness of garlic lectin on red spider mite of tea. Journal of Plant Interactions, 3(3), 157-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429140701754195
Sahandi, J., Zorriehzahra, M. J., & Shohreh, P. (2023). Effects of garlic (Allium sativum) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) extracts on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis parasite in guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 10,18-28.
Samadi, L., Zanguee, N., Mousavi, S. M., & Zakeri, M. (2016). Effect of dietary garlic extract on growth, feeding parameters, hematological indices and body composition of Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of the Persian Gulf, 7(24), 29-42.
Schelkle, B., Snellgrove, D., & Cable, J. (2013). In vitro and in vivo efficacy of garlic compounds against Gyrodactylus turnbulli infecting the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Veterinary Parasitology, 198, 96-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.08.027
Sh, D., Seidgar, M., Nekuiefard, A., Valipour, A. R., Sharifian, M., & Hafezieh, M. (2019). Oral administration of garlic powder (Allium sativum) on growth performance and survival rate of Carassius auratus fingerlings. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 18, 71-82. https://doi.org/10.22092/IJFS.2018.117478
Shoaib Akhtar, M., Iqbal, Z., Khalid Nadeem, Q., Khan, M., Akhtar, M., & Nouman Waraich, F. (2001). In vitro inhibitory effects of Sorghum bicolor on hatching and moulting of Haemonchus contortus eggs. Prospects, 3, 451-453.
Singh, J., Sethi, A., Singh, P., Kaur, J., Hundal, J. S., & Singh, U. (2015). Response garlic supplementation on commercial broiler performance-A Review. International Journal of Veterinary Sciences Research, 2, 51-55.
Skidmore-Roth, L. (2009). Mosby's handbook of herbs & natural supplements. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Smith, V. J., & Söderhäll, K. (1983). Induction of degranulation and lysis of haemocytes in the freshwater crayfish, Astacus astacus by components of the prophenoloxidase activating system in vitro. Cell and tissue research, 233, 295-303. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00238297
Söderhäll, K., & Cerenius, L. (1992). Crustacean immunity. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 2, 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90053-Z
Söderhäll, K., & Häll, L. (1984). Lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of prophenoloxidase activating system in crayfish haemocyte lysate. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 797(1), 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(84)90387-8
Stabili, L., Miglietta, A. M., & Belmonte, G. (1999). Lysozyme-like and trypsin-like activities in the cysts of Artemia franciscana Kellog, 1906: Is there a passive immunity in a resting stage?. Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology, 237(2), 291-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00007-6
Tanekhy, M., & Fall, J. (2015). Expression of innate immunity genes in kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus after in vivo stimulation with garlic extract (allicin). Veterinarni Medicina, 60(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.17221/7924-VETMED
Thomas, C. J., & Callaghan, A. (1999). The use of garlic (Allium sativa) and lemon peel (Citrus limom) extracts as Culex pipiens larvacides: Persistence and interaction with an organophosphate resistance mechanism. Chemosphere, 39(14), 2489-2496. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00161-7
Vaseeharan, B., Prasad, G. S., Ramasamy, P., & Brennan, G. (2011). Antibacterial activity of Allium sativum against multidrug-resistant Vibrio harveyi isolated from black gill-diseased Fenneropenaeus indicus. Aquaculture International, 19, 531-539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-010-9369-9
Viciano, E., Monroig, Ó., Barata, C., Peña, C., & Navarro, J. C. (2017). Antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation in Artemia nauplii enriched with DHA‐rich oil emulsion and the effect of adding an external antioxidant based on hydroxytyrosol. Aquaculture Research, 48(3), 1006-1019. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12943
Worthington, C.C. (1991). Worthington enzyme manual related Biochemical, third ed. Freehold.
Yahyavi, M. (2017). Single or combined effects of medicinal plants, Garlic (Allium sativum) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale) powders on hepatosomatic index, body composition, digestive enzymes and resistance rate of Sobaity sea bream (Sparidentex hasta) fry. Fisheries Science and Technology, 6(2), 17-29.
Yavuzcan Yildiz, H., & Bekcan, S. (2020). Control of ectoparasitosis in carp (Cyprinus carpio) induced by Gyrodactylus elegans (Monogenea) with garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) extracts. Ecocycles, 6, 10-17. https://doi.org/10.19040/ecocycles.v6i1.157
Yavuzcan Yildiz, H., Phan Van, Q., Parisi, G., & Dam Sao, M. (2019). Anti-parasitic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) juice against crustacean parasite, Lernantropus kroyeri, found on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Italian Journal of Animal Science, 18, 833-837. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2019.1593058
Yousefi, M., Zahedi, S., Reverter, M., Adineh, H., Hoseini, S. M., Van Doan, H., El-Haroun, E.R., & Hoseinifar, S. H. (2021). Enhanced growth performance, oxidative capacity and immune responses of common carp, Cyprinus carpio fed with Artemisia absinthium extract-supplemented diet. Aquaculture, 545, 737167.https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AQUACULTURE.2021.737167
Yuhana, M., & Zairin Jr, M. (2017). The nutritional value of Artemia sp. enriched with the probiotic Pseudoalteromonas piscicida and the prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharide. AACL Bioflux,10, 8-17.
Zhang, C. N., Li, X. F., Xu, W. N., Jiang, G. Z., Lu, K. L., Wang, L. N., & Liu, W. B. (2013). Combined effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide and Bacillus licheniformis on innate immunity, antioxidant capability and disease resistance of triangular bream (Megalobrama terminalis). Fish & shellfish immunology, 35(5), 1380-1386. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FSI.2013.07.047
Zhao, L., Wang, W., Huang, X., Guo, T., Wen, W., Feng, L., & Wei, L. (2017). The effect of replacement of fish meal by yeast extract on the digestibility, growth and muscle composition of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Research, 48(1), 311-320. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12883
Zhou, R., Liu, J., Shi, X., Fu, C., Jiang, Y., Zhang, R., Wu, Y., & Yang, C. (2022). Garlic powder supplementation improves growth, nonspecific ımmunity, antioxidant capacity, and ıntestinal flora of Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis). Aquaculture Nutrition, 2022.https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6531865
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The journal is licensed under a 